Diet for Urolithiasis

Proper nutrition regimen is the key to successful prevention of urolithiasis.
Increasing fluid intake. A general recommendation for all patients with urolithiasis is to increase fluid intake (except for phosphate stones) and to reduce dietary salt in order to avoid hypohydration.
Acid-base balance (pH) of urine. The pH of urine is of significant importance. Alkaline urine promotes the precipitation of urates and phosphates. Acidic urine promotes the precipitation of uric acid crystals. The solubility of calcium oxalate does not change with changes in the acidity of the medium.
To shift the pH of urine to the acidic side (lower pH), diets rich in meat and flour products are recommended. Vegetables and fruits that are low in alkaline valences are included: peas, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, pumpkin, lingonberry, red currant, sour varieties of apples.
To shift the pH of urine to the alkaline side (raise pH), opposite changes in the diet are made. The diet should mainly consist of vegetables, fruits, berries, and dairy products. Meat and grains are limited. Alkaline drinks are used.
Calcium intake. Despite the fact that the majority of kidney stones are calcium-based, the recommendation to limit calcium-containing products is not successful due to the harmful effects of prolonged reduction of this macroelement in the diet. Low-calcium diets do not prevent the risk of stone formation but contribute to the development of osteoporosis. At the same time, consuming foods high in calcium reduces the risk of developing kidney stones. It is believed that oxalate is more significant for stone formation than calcium. Calcium that enters the gastrointestinal tract with food binds oxalic acid in the intestine and promotes its excretion from the body.

DIET FOR OXALATES

Allowed:

• soups made from allowed vegetables and fruits;
• fats: vegetable oil;
• meat: no more than 150 g per day, fish: no more than 150 g per day, poultry: boiled. To be consumed in the first half of the day;
• milk, dairy products (limit during exacerbation);
• bread: wheat, rye, products made from coarsely ground flour with wheat bran;
• foods rich in vitamin B6: millet, buckwheat, pearl barley, barley;
• foods rich in magnesium: bananas, dried apricots, wheat bran, oatmeal, seaweed, prunes, millet;
• various vegetables rich in plant fiber and pectins: potatoes, white cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, eggplants, cucumbers, lettuce;
• various fruits that help remove oxalates from the urinary tract: cornelian cherries, pears, apples (except Antonovka), quince, plums, peaches, apricots, all melons (watermelons, melons, zucchini, pattypans, pumpkins);
• drinks: weak tea, weak coffee with milk, compote from dried fruits, wheat bran, fruit drinks, slightly alkaline low-mineralized mineral waters (Slavyanovskaya, Smirnovskaya, Nafrusya).

Limited:

• beef, chicken;
• eggs in any preparation;
• cod;
• fats: butter;
• tomatoes, onions, carrots, corn, blueberries, black currants, strawberries, gooseberries, Antonovka apples, chicory.

Prohibited:

• pastry products, sprouted wheat;
• rich meat and mushroom soups and broths (as well as from fish and poultry);
• products containing gelatin (jellies, aspics, etc.);
• offal (liver, kidneys, tongue);
• salted fish, caviar, canned foods, smoked products;
• everything that contains a large amount of oxalic acid and vitamin C: legumes, beets, radishes, radishes, purslane, rhubarb, spinach, sorrel, parsley, dill, citrus fruits, figs;
• cheese, cottage cheese;
• fatty products;
• all pickles, smoked products, marinades, spices, hot seasonings and dishes (pepper, mustard, horseradish);
• strong tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, kvass;
• candies, jams, confectionery.

During the diet, it is recommended to reduce the intake of table salt and carbohydrates, as well as to add multivitamin preparations. It is advisable to include as many allowed vegetables and fruits as possible in the diet — natural sources of vitamins. It is possible to boil rose hips and include vegetable and fruit juices in the menu (if there are no contraindications).

The caloric content of the diet per day is approximately 3500 kcal, the daily amount of proteins is 100 grams, carbohydrates — up to 550 grams, and fatty acids account for 70 grams.

The eating regimen should be fractional — up to six times with a large amount of liquid consumed (in the absence of contraindications), amounting to up to 2.5 liters per day.

DIET FOR PHOSPHATES

The precipitation of poorly soluble calcium phosphate compounds is associated with a shift in the acid-base balance towards alkalosis. In this regard, dietary treatment of phosphaturia is related to lowering the pH of urine.

Allowed:

• bread: various types. Flour products with limited milk and yolks;
• various cereals and pasta;
• fats: butter, vegetable oil;
• meat (lean) and fish;
• green peas, cucumbers, zucchini, pumpkin, white cabbage, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, carrots, beets, tomatoes, mushrooms;
• sour berries and fruits: apples, cranberries, lingonberries, red currants, plums, grapes, strawberries, figs;
• drinks: weak tea, coffee (without milk), rose hip broth, fruit drinks from cranberries, lingonberries, therapeutic table mineral water (acidifying urine, low in calcium and bicarbonate);
• sugar, honey, fruit ice cream.

Limited:

• eggs;
• sour cream (in small amounts in dishes);
• beef;
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